Richard Rieger II’s Electric Subaru 360: A Nurse’s Journey into DIY Auto Retrofits

From Nursing Books to Garage Tools: A Mechanic’s Triumph in No-Nonsense Retrofit

During my time at The Vault, a classic car dealership situated in Jackson, Mississippi, I embarked on my journey with a 1969 Subaru 360. This peculiar car stands out among the array of rare and expensive classics and exotics that graced the shop. As I juggled being a full-time nursing student, my boss, JD Pass, accommodated my schedule, allowing me to work around classes and clinical commitments. This unique flexibility enabled me to nurture my passion for classic cars and mechanics while pursuing my education.

My association with The Vault extended throughout my time in nursing school and continues sporadically to this day, with occasional visits to lend a hand in the shop. Amidst a treasure trove of automotive wonders, the little 1969 Subaru 360 caught my attention. It arrived at the shop with a dormant engine and ineffective brakes. This modest and unassuming car would soon become one of my favorites.

Upon completing nursing school and finding myself with disposable income, an opportunity presented itself on the Facebook Marketplace—a project car, a 1969 Subaru 360, in need of revival. After parting with $1,200 and undertaking a four-hour road trip, the little car became part of my life. At the outset, my intention was to restore the original motor or locate a suitable replacement engine. Yet, the scarcity of hard-to-find components for the original powertrain led me down a different path.

In my Uncle Earl’s workshop, which housed dormant Taylor Dunn and EZGO vehicles, my quest for an alternative solution began. These neglected electric vehicles became my experimental ground. A journey of trial and error ensued, eventually giving rise to what I now refer to as the Electric 360.

The original Subaru 360 engine presented a plethora of issues—missing parts, bent rods, and a piston with a hole, among others. Salvaging the crankshaft bearings and removing the piston rods marked the starting point. The electric motor took the place of the cylinders, connected by a chain to the crankshaft. The motor mounting plate, sourced from the Taylor Dunn, was meticulously aligned with the Subaru block. Custom-made sprockets from Motion Industries in Jackson, Mississippi, upheld a 1:1 ratio between the motor and the crankshaft. A specially crafted bracket supported the electric motor’s weight, occupying the space previously reserved for the cylinders. Retaining the rest of the Subaru drivetrain maintained the car’s original essence.

My foray into electrical engineering was aided by rewiring the entire vehicle harness, a task facilitated by my father’s background as an electrical engineer. A 36V to 12V converter powered a fuse block that controlled the lights, signals, and wipers. With the back seat removed, I constructed a frame to house the batteries and essential controls, expertly upholstering a box to conceal them. Sheetmetal repairs and extensive bodywork occupied three years, culminating in a satisfying paintjob. Reassembly proved more straightforward, and the transformed car emerged in all its glory.

Through constant research during the build, I identified potential upgrades for future street legality. While this venture was undoubtedly marked by trial and error, it has shown me the remarkable potential of electric conversions.

Over the past three years, the car has been showcased as a “work in progress” at numerous local car exhibitions, including the Southlife Car Show in Pearl, Mississippi. The vehicle has garnered a local following due to its unconventional charm and evolving transformation. This weekend, the car will make its debut as a completed project at the same show where it initially captured public attention.

Notably, the car’s presence extended to television, featuring on “Stacy David’s Gearz.” This platform spotlighted the car’s gradual evolution, an inspiration for others to embark on their garage-based projects. My Subaru 360’s potential to encourage others to pursue their automotive dreams is a rewarding outcome.

Reflecting on the build process, wiring emerged as the simplest task. Drawing from my familiarity with electrical systems and old cars, I managed the 36V motor circuit akin to a golf cart setup and the 12V circuit for lighting and wipers. Electrical complexities were mitigated by my upbringing and experience, streamlining this aspect of the conversion.

Although time was a formidable adversary, the journey was sustained by support from fellow Subaru 360 owners and invaluable assistance from my dad, Uncle Earl, and Dan Dearman.

While the present build might rely on outdated technology, the potential for modernization looms large. Visualizing the car with modern batteries, motors, and controls ignites excitement for a future upgrade. However, budget constraints temporarily temper such aspirations. The gradual evolution of EV technology will hopefully pave the way for more accessible upgrades, enabling projects like mine to reach new heights.

A fervent advocate of home-based innovation, I encourage others to embark on their own creative journeys. Whether transforming a dilapidated go-kart, rusted car, or forgotten dirt bike, the magic lies in making disparate elements harmonize. Drawing from personal experiences and the philosophy of building championed by figures like Stacy David, I champion the idea that the pursuit of a project need not be constrained by its shine or cost. Witnessing individuals derive pride from their creations, irrespective of their scale, is immensely rewarding.

Perseverance and embracing trial and error form the cornerstone of successful projects. Venturing beyond factory specifications demands a blend of courage and patience. The “Keep It Simple Stupid” approach guided my project, promoting a focus on fundamental simplicity. With each step taken, knowledge expands, and capabilities grow. Initiating with manageable undertakings paves the way for improvements and innovations over time.

SPECS

Richard Rieger II

• Location: Brandon, MS
• Year, Make, Model: 1969 Subaru 360
• Amount of Time to Build: Three years
• Cost to Build: $3,000 (car, battery, parts, and paint)
• Occupation: Registered Nurse

Motor & Drivetrain

• Motor Swap Performed By: Richard Rieger II
• Motor Drive Unit Year, Make, Model: GE 5BC49JB305 from a Taylor Dunn B248 Utility Truck
• Power: 10 hp
• Voltage: 36V DC
• Max RPM: 2,800
• Max Continuous Power: 275 amps
• Motor/Transmission Mounts: Factory
• Control System and Software: Curtis 1204-009 from EZGO golf cart
• 0 to 60 time: Depends on how steep the hill is … downhill, that is (max speed on flat ground is only about 30 mph)
• Vehicle Weight: 1,800 pounds

Battery System & Charger

• Pack Design: Six 6V Duracell GC2
• Cell Type: Flooded deep cycle
• Module Manufacturer and Configuration: EZGO golf cart with Curtis 275 amp controller
• Battery Capacity (in kilowatt-hour): 215AH
• Battery Locations: Behind front seat
• City Range: 25-30 miles
• Charger kW Charge Rate: 18-amp charger
• Charger Location: Charge port where gas tank fill used to be; external charger
• DC Fast Charging: 18-amp charger

Chassis/Suspension

• Installation Shop: Richard Rieger II at home
• Chassis: Factory unibody car
• Rear Suspension Setup: Factory independent torsion bar suspension
• Control Arms: Factory
• Spindles: Factory
• Springs: Factory
• Shocks: Factory
• Track Bar: Factory

Wheels, Tires & Brakes

• Wheel: Factory split rims and hubcaps
• Tires: 5.00-10 Deestone
• Front Brakes: Factory drum, but completely rebuilt; shoes were relined, new seals, new hoses (actually GM disc brake hoses from JEGS), and I made new hard lines throughout the entire car
• Rear Brakes: Same as above
• Gears/Ratio: Factory 4-speed transmission
• Axles: Factory

Body/Paint

• Paint Shop: Richard Rieger II in garage
• Color: Fiat Azzurro Cappellini
• Wheelwells: Factory
• Body Mods: Factory … with a lot of rust repair done with scrap sheetmetal from a ’57 Chevy
• Headlights: Factory, 7 inches
• Taillights: Factory 1157
• Glass: New windshield from a Subaru 360 enthusiast, Billy Paul, who made a limited supply run; windshields are not reproduced by any company and any 360 owner knows the windshield is the hardest part to find on these cars
• Rubber Moldings: Factory, except aftermarket windshield gasket supplied by another Subaru 360 enthusiast, Anthony Cano

Interior

• Install Shop: Richard Rieger II in garage
• Seats: Factory, hopefully soon to be reupholstered
• Gauges: Factory, except a 36V battery gauge was added under the dash from Amazon
• Steering wheel: Factory

Special Thanks

Richard Rieger, Earl Scallorn, Dan Dearman, Roddy Merritt, Zack Munger, Sylvia Rieger, David Rieger, Frances Rieger, Jackie Scallorn, Cody Russell

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What are the environmental benefits of retrofitting vehicles and bicycles?

Retrofitting vehicles and bicycles offers a host of environmental benefits, making it a compelling choice for those seeking sustainable mobility solutions. Here’s how it contributes to a greener future:

• Preservation of Resources: By upgrading existing vehicles and bicycles to electric power, retrofitting significantly reduces the need for new manufacturing. This approach conserves raw materials and minimizes the ecological footprint associated with producing new transportation units.
• Reduction in Waste: Retrofitting prevents older vehicles from becoming obsolete and ending up in landfills. By extending the lifespan of these machines, it decreases the volume of industrial waste, promoting a circular economy.
• Emissions Reduction: Converting gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles to electric significantly cuts down greenhouse gas emissions. This shift helps in improving air quality and combating climate change, crucial for urban areas grappling with pollution.
• Economic Viability: As retrofitting technologies advance, the cost becomes more accessible, encouraging wider adoption. Increased demand boosts the supply of components and services, further driving down prices and making eco-friendly options economically feasible.
• Support for Sustainable Infrastructure: Embracing retrofitting aligns with global movements toward sustainable transportation. It supports efforts in developing an infrastructure that accommodates electric mobility, thereby facilitating a shift away from fossil fuels.

In essence, retrofitting plays a vital role in the sustainable transition by significantly reducing resource consumption, minimizing waste, and curbing emissions—all while being economically viable.

 

Are there any financial incentives available for retrofitted electric vehicles?

If you’re considering retrofitting your vehicle to electric, it’s important to know that financial incentives are indeed available to help offset the costs. In many countries, including France, governments offer substantial financial assistance to encourage the transition to cleaner, electric vehicles.

These incentives can significantly reduce the expenses involved in retrofitting, which typically ranges from around €15,000 to €20,000. To take full advantage of these benefits, it’s advisable to explore the specific programs and eligibility criteria laid out by the relevant governmental bodies in your region.

This support aims to make eco-friendly transportation more accessible and financially feasible for individuals and businesses alike.

 

Which vehicles are eligible for retrofitting to electric?

What Vehicles Qualify for Electric Retrofitting?

Electric retrofitting is a viable option for many vehicle owners, particularly those with models over five years old. This transformation can breathe new life into both petrol and diesel vehicles, offering an eco-friendlier alternative to traditional fuel consumption.

Key Criteria for Eligibility:

• Vehicle Age: Cars, trucks, or vans that have been around for more than five years are typically prime candidates for an electric retrofit. This ensures compatibility with retrofitting technologies and processes.
• Fuel Type: Both petrol and diesel vehicles can undergo the transition to electric. This opens the door for a wide range of makes and models to join the electric revolution.

By retrofitting older vehicles, drivers can enjoy the benefits of electric power without purchasing a brand-new car. It’s an innovative approach that not only extends the life of existing cars but also contributes to a cleaner environment.

 

How can bicycles be retrofitted to become electric bikes?

Transforming a traditional bicycle into an electric one involves a fascinating process that breathes new life into vintage frames. Here’s how you can retrofit your bicycle into an efficient electric bike:

1. Choose the Right Retrofitting Kit:
   • Retrofitting kits typically include all the components needed to electrify your bike, such as a motor, battery, and controller.
   • Kits can vary, with some intended for front or rear wheel drive, while others focus on the mid-drive.
2. Install the Pedal Motor:
   • The pedal motor is an essential part of the conversion. It integrates with the bike’s existing crankset, turning pedal movements into additional power.
   • Installing the motor often involves securing it to the bike’s frame, sometimes replacing the bottom bracket.
3. Integrate the Battery:
   • The battery is mounted either on the frame or the rear rack. This power source is the heart of your new electric system.
   • Choose a battery with suitable voltage and capacity to meet your riding needs.
4. Connect the Controller:
   • The controller manages power flow from the battery to the motor. It is usually housed in a weatherproof box mounted on the bike.
   • It allows you to adjust speed settings and power assistance levels.
5. Configure the Bike Electronics:
   • Once the main components are installed, attach the required sensors and displays. These provide information on speed, battery level, and travel distance.
   • Ensure all wiring is secure to prevent any disruption during rides.

This type of conversion not only prolongs the life of vintage bicycles but also lessens the carbon footprint by reusing existing materials rather than manufacturing new frames. With rising trends in sustainable transportation, retrofitting may be a perfect solution for environmentally conscious enthusiasts looking to upgrade their biking experience.

 

What strategic partnerships exist in the development and marketing of retrofitting kits for vehicles?

Strategic Partnerships in Vehicle Retrofitting Kit Development

Recent advancements in retrofitting kit development for commercial vehicles highlight the vital role of strategic partnerships. One notable collaboration pairs a leading automobile manufacturer with an innovative retrofitting firm, renowned for its pioneering work in the field.

This alliance merges the automotive giant’s extensive experience in electric vehicles with the retrofit company’s specialized knowledge. The synergy enhances the production of retrofitting kits designed for specific commercial vehicle models.

Key Benefits of the Partnership:

• Leveraging Expertise: The auto manufacturer’s extensive expertise in electric vehicle technology combines with the retrofit firm’s specialized skills, optimizing kit development.
• Manufacturing Excellence: Kits are assembled at a state-of-the-art facility, benefitting from cutting-edge industrial processes.
• Market Reach: By pooling resources, the partnership expands market reach, making retrofitting solutions more accessible.

Available since mid-2024, these kits promise a range of approximately 200 km, demonstrating the potential of retrofitting vehicles for sustainable, low-carbon transport.

 

Is it legal to retrofit a vehicle to be electric?

Legal Status of Retrofitting Vehicles to Electric

Retrofitting a vehicle to electric is indeed legal, provided that certain conditions are met. This has been the case since April 4, 2020. For a retrofit to comply with the law, it must be executed and invoiced by a certified professional. This ensures that safety and industry standards are maintained throughout the process.

Key Requirements:

• Weight Limitations:The weight difference post-retrofit cannot exceed 20% over the original vehicle weight.
• Power Consistency:The electric motor must deliver power equivalent to the original combustion engine.
• Registration Changes:The vehicle’s registration will be updated to reflect the new ‘fuel type/energy source.’

Approval and Testing:

• There is no need for re-approval of the vehicle as the conversion kits used are pre-approved for retrofitting.
• Regular roadworthiness tests are still required to ensure the vehicle remains safe and functional on the road.

By following these guidelines, vehicle owners can legally convert their combustion-engine vehicles to electric, helping reduce emissions and support a more sustainable future.

 

How is the process of retrofitting a car to electric completed?

During my time at The Vault, a classic car dealership situated in Jackson, Mississippi, I embarked on my journey with a 1969 Subaru 360. This peculiar car stands out among the array of rare and expensive classics and exotics that graced the shop. As I juggled being a full-time nursing student, my boss, JD Pass, accommodated my schedule, allowing me to work around classes and clinical commitments. This unique flexibility enabled me to nurture my passion for classic cars and mechanics while pursuing my education.

The original Subaru 360 engine presented a plethora of issues—missing parts, bent rods, and a piston with a hole, among others. Salvaging the crankshaft bearings and removing the piston rods marked the starting point. The electric motor took the place of the cylinders, connected by a chain to the crankshaft. The motor mounting plate, sourced from the Taylor Dunn, was meticulously aligned with the Subaru block. Custom-made sprockets from Motion Industries in Jackson, Mississippi, upheld a 1:1 ratio between the motor and the crankshaft. A specially crafted bracket supported the electric motor’s weight, occupying the space previously reserved for the cylinders. Retaining the rest of the Subaru drivetrain maintained the car’s original essence.

To retrofit a car like the Subaru 360 to electric, the process begins with certified car maintenance professionals, often utilizing prefab kits specifically designed for electric conversions. This setup can range from a few hours to several days depending on the vehicle model and complexity of the work. Essential components such as the braking system, shock absorbers, and gearbox are typically retained, ensuring that the car’s original performance characteristics are preserved. Once the conversion is complete, it’s essential to update the vehicle’s registration card to reflect its new energy source, ensuring compliance with local regulations. This part of the process mirrors the meticulous attention I devoted to the Subaru 360’s transformation.

My foray into electrical engineering was aided by rewiring the entire vehicle harness, a task facilitated by my father’s background as an electrical engineer. A 36V to 12V converter powered a fuse block that controlled the lights, signals, and wipers. With the back seat removed, I constructed a frame to house the batteries and essential controls, expertly upholstering a box to conceal them. Sheetmetal repairs and extensive bodywork occupied three years, culminating in a satisfying paintjob. Reassembly proved more straightforward, and the transformed car emerged in all its glory.

Through constant research during the build, I identified potential upgrades for future street legality. While this venture was undoubtedly marked by trial and error, it has shown me the remarkable potential of electric conversions.

The custom sprockets and chain connecting the electric motor to the crankshaft create a seamless blend of old and new technology.

Reflecting on the build process, wiring emerged as the simplest task. Drawing from my familiarity with electrical systems and old cars, I managed the 36V motor circuit akin to a golf cart setup and the 12V circuit for lighting and wipers. Electrical complexities were mitigated by my upbringing and experience, streamlining this aspect of the conversion.

Although time was a formidable adversary, the journey was sustained by support from fellow Subaru 360 owners and invaluable assistance from my dad, Uncle Earl, and Dan Dearman.

While the present build might rely on outdated technology, the potential for modernization looms large. Visualizing the car with modern batteries, motors, and controls ignites excitement for a future upgrade. However, budget constraints temporarily temper such aspirations. The gradual evolution of EV technology will hopefully pave the way for more accessible upgrades, enabling projects like mine to reach new heights.

Perseverance and embracing trial and error form the cornerstone of successful projects. Venturing beyond factory specifications demands a blend of courage and patience. The “Keep It Simple Stupid” approach guided my project, promoting a focus on fundamental simplicity. With each step taken, knowledge expands, and capabilities grow. Initiating with manageable undertakings paves the way for improvements and innovations over time.

 

Is there any guarantee for the service?

Yes, the service comes with a guarantee.

 

What happens after the retrofitting is completed?

Post-retrofit, the vehicle’s registration card needs updating to indicate the new energy source for the engine.

 

What is the duration of the retrofitting process?

The installation period can range from a few hours to several days, depending on the specific car model.

 

What components are retained during the retrofitting process?

The braking system, shock absorbers, and gearbox remain intact on the car.

 

Who performs the retrofitting?

Certified professionals in car maintenance and repair carry out the retrofitting process.

 

What are the advantages of retrofitting an internal combustion engine vehicle to an electric vehicle?

Through constant research during the build, I identified potential upgrades for future street legality. While this venture was undoubtedly marked by trial and error, it has shown me the remarkable potential of electric conversions.

The custom sprockets and chain connecting the electric motor to the crankshaft create a seamless blend of old and new technology. This integration results in a smooth, jerk-free ride that enhances the driving experience significantly.

Moreover, the shift to an electric motor brings a quiet, reliable, pollution-free engine, which is not only better for the environment but also easier and cheaper to maintain. This journey into electric conversion has revealed opportunities for free registration and parking, reducing the overall cost of vehicle ownership.

Additionally, these converted vehicles are not subject to traffic restrictions in low emission zones or during pollution spikes, allowing for unrestricted access to areas with stringent environmental regulations.

By bridging classic automotive design with cutting-edge electric technology, the conversion process opens up a world of possibilities for enthusiasts and eco-conscious drivers alike.

 

What other advantages come with electric conversions?

Beyond the immediate benefits, electric vehicles contribute to a cleaner environment by reducing pollution and promoting sustainable driving practices.

 

What are the environmental or regulatory benefits?

Retrofitted electric vehicles are exempt from many restrictions, allowing them to operate freely in areas with strict emission controls and during periods of high pollution.

 

Are there any financial incentives or cost savings?

Owners can enjoy financial perks such as waived fees for vehicle registration and parking, adding to the overall savings of going electric.

 

What are the maintenance benefits?

Electric conversions offer engines that are not only quieter and more reliable but also easier and more cost-effective to maintain compared to their combustion counterparts.

 

What improvements in ride quality can be expected?

Retrofitting a vehicle to electric results in a smooth and consistent driving experience, eliminating the typical jerks associated with traditional engines.

 

How much does it cost to retrofit a vehicle to electric?

Cost to Build: $3,000 (car, battery, parts, and paint)

Transitioning your vehicle to electric is an investment that can vary significantly depending on various factors. On average, retrofitting can cost between €15,000 and €20,000. This estimate covers the comprehensive process of converting your vehicle to an electric powertrain, including labor and specialized components.

In some locations, such as France, you might benefit from government financial aid, which can significantly offset these expenses. This support can make the transition more accessible and cost-effective for many car owners.

While the initial cost of $3,000 mentioned earlier covers basic elements like the car, battery, parts, and paint, it’s essential to consider the broader financial landscape. By leveraging available incentives, you can effectively manage and reduce the overall investment required for an electric retrofit.

 

Are there any financial assistance options available for those converting vehicles?

Yes, in France, the government offers financial support for vehicles that undergo conversion.

 

What is the typical cost range for converting a vehicle to an electric one?

The conversion costs generally range from €15,000 to €20,000.

 

What is retrofitting a car from an internal combustion engine to an electric vehicle?

During my time at The Vault, a classic car dealership situated in Jackson, Mississippi, I embarked on my journey with a 1969 Subaru 360. This peculiar car stands out among the array of rare and expensive classics and exotics that graced the shop. As I juggled being a full-time nursing student, my boss, JD Pass, accommodated my schedule, allowing me to work around classes and clinical commitments. This unique flexibility enabled me to nurture my passion for classic cars and mechanics while pursuing my education.

Retrofitting, in essence, involves transforming a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE) into an electric vehicle (EV). The process typically includes removing the petrol or diesel engine and fuel tank, replacing them with an electric motor and battery. This conversion can also incorporate alternative power sources, such as a fuel cell utilizing hydrogen, offering diverse paths to electrification.

The original Subaru 360 engine presented a plethora of issues—missing parts, bent rods, and a piston with a hole, among others. Salvaging the crankshaft bearings and removing the piston rods marked the starting point. The electric motor took the place of the cylinders, connected by a chain to the crankshaft. The motor mounting plate, sourced from the Taylor Dunn, was meticulously aligned with the Subaru block. Custom-made sprockets from Motion Industries in Jackson, Mississippi, upheld a 1:1 ratio between the motor and the crankshaft. A specially crafted bracket supported the electric motor’s weight, occupying the space previously reserved for the cylinders. Retaining the rest of the Subaru drivetrain maintained the car’s original essence.

My foray into electrical engineering was aided by rewiring the entire vehicle harness, a task facilitated by my father’s background as an electrical engineer. A 36V to 12V converter powered a fuse block that controlled the lights, signals, and wipers. With the back seat removed, I constructed a frame to house the batteries and essential controls, expertly upholstering a box to conceal them. Sheetmetal repairs and extensive bodywork occupied three years, culminating in a satisfying paintjob. Reassembly proved more straightforward, and the transformed car emerged in all its glory.

Through constant research during the build, I identified potential upgrades for future street legality. While this venture was undoubtedly marked by trial and error, it has shown me the remarkable potential of electric conversions.

The conversion process can vary depending on the vehicle and the desired outcome. In my case, the custom sprockets and chain created a seamless blend of old and new technology, illustrating the flexibility inherent in retrofitting.

Reflecting on the build process, wiring emerged as the simplest task. Drawing from my familiarity with electrical systems and old cars, I managed the 36V motor circuit akin to a golf cart setup and the 12V circuit for lighting and wipers. Electrical complexities were mitigated by my upbringing and experience, streamlining this aspect of the conversion.

While my project involved outdated technology, modernizing an EV conversion could mean integrating advanced batteries and control systems, which would further enhance performance and efficiency.

Although time was a formidable adversary, the journey was sustained by support from fellow Subaru 360 owners and invaluable assistance from my dad, Uncle Earl, and Dan Dearman.

While the present build might rely on outdated technology, the potential for modernization looms large. Visualizing the car with modern batteries, motors, and controls ignites excitement for a future upgrade. However, budget constraints temporarily temper such aspirations. The gradual evolution of EV technology will hopefully pave the way for more accessible upgrades, enabling projects like mine to reach new heights.

A fervent advocate of home-based innovation, I encourage others to embark on their own creative journeys. Whether transforming a dilapidated go-kart, rusted car, or forgotten dirt bike, the magic lies in making disparate elements harmonize. Drawing from personal experiences and the philosophy of building championed by figures like Stacy David, I champion the idea that the pursuit of a project need not be constrained by its shine or cost. Witnessing individuals derive pride from their creations, irrespective of their scale, is immensely rewarding.

Perseverance and embracing trial and error form the cornerstone of successful projects. Venturing beyond factory specifications demands a blend of courage and patience. The “Keep It Simple Stupid” approach guided my project, promoting a focus on fundamental simplicity. With each step taken, knowledge expands, and capabilities grow. Initiating with manageable undertakings paves the way for improvements and innovations over time.

 

What are the options for powering the electric motor?

The electric motor can be powered directly by a battery or indirectly through a fuel cell, such as one that uses hydrogen.

 

What are the primary components involved in the conversion?

The conversion process primarily requires taking out the existing engine and fuel tank and replacing them with an electric motor and a battery system.

 

What is the basic definition of retrofitting a vehicle from ICE to EV?

Retrofitting involves transforming a vehicle by removing its internal combustion engine and fuel tank and installing an electric motor and battery in their place.

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